Dog Cysts: Types, Causes, and Treatment


Dog Cysts: Types, Causes, and Treatment

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Reviewed by a Licensed Veterinary Doctor (DVM)
Small Animal Internal Medicine and Oncology
This article is reviewed for clinical accuracy. Any lump, bump, or cystic mass on a dog warrants veterinary evaluation. Fine needle aspirate (FNA) cytology distinguishes most cyst types from tumors in a single office visit; biopsy with histopathology provides a definitive diagnosis. Do not attempt to drain, lance, or squeeze any cyst at home.

Key Takeaways

  • Dogs develop cysts in multiple organ systems, not just the skin. The term “cyst” refers to any epithelium-lined, fluid- or material-filled cavity. Skin cysts (epidermoid, follicular, sebaceous duct) are the most common and are generally benign. Internal cysts of the kidney (renal cysts), liver (hepatic cysts), spleen (splenic cysts), and ovaries (ovarian follicular cysts) are identified by abdominal ultrasound and require different management pathways. Each type has a distinct pathophysiology, significance, and treatment approach.
  • Skin cysts most relevant to dog owners are: epidermoid/infundibular cysts (most common; form from blocked hair follicles; white cheesy keratin contents; benign), follicular retention cysts, true sebaceous duct cysts (steatocystoma; oily/greasy fluid), and synovial cysts (periarticular; near joints; filled with synovial fluid). The key clinical point is that mast cell tumors, the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, can look and feel identical to a benign skin cyst, making FNA cytology essential before any skin lump is declared benign and left untreated.
  • Ovarian cysts in intact female dogs (follicular cysts, luteal cysts, paraovarian cysts) are a significant hormonal condition causing signs of prolonged estrus, nymphomania, symmetric alopecia, bone marrow suppression (from hyperestrogenism), and occasionally pyometra. Diagnosis by abdominal ultrasound; primary treatment is ovariohysterectomy (OHE/spay). hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) 500-1000 IU IM or GnRH 50-100 mcg IM can induce ovulation of follicular cysts as a medical alternative in breeding dogs.
  • Perianal and paranal sinus cysts are produced by the lateral anal sac glands (apocrine/sebaceous) and present as firm, round swellings lateral to the anus that may rupture to the skin surface. They are distinct from the paired anal sacs; the anal sacs contain the fish-smelling secretion that dogs express when frightened, whereas these paranal cysts arise from accessory anal gland tissue. Treatment is surgical excision.
  • Renal cysts are common incidental findings on abdominal ultrasound in middle-aged to older dogs. A single simple renal cyst (thin-walled, anechoic, no internal septa or solid components) in an otherwise healthy dog is almost always benign and requires only monitoring with annual rechecks. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) causing bilateral multiple cysts is inherited in Bull Terriers (autosomal dominant) and some other breeds; progressive renal insufficiency is the outcome and management focuses on slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a renal diet, phosphate restriction, and treatment of secondary hypertension.

Finding a lump or bump on your dog immediately raises the question: what is it, and is it dangerous? “Cyst” is one of the most common answers, and while many cysts in dogs are benign and require minimal intervention, the word covers a wide range of conditions in different body systems, each with its own significance. This guide covers the full spectrum of cysts dogs develop, from common skin cysts to internal organ cysts, with the diagnostic criteria, specific treatments, and red flags that distinguish a watch-and-wait cyst from one requiring urgent care.

Types of Cysts in Dogs: Skin and Subcutaneous

Epidermoid Cysts (Infundibular / Epidermal Inclusion Cysts)

The most common cyst type in dogs. Forms when the upper portion of a hair follicle (infundibulum) becomes obstructed by keratin debris and sebaceous secretions. The follicular lumen expands over weeks to months into a palpable intradermal mass. Characteristics: well-circumscribed, round, firm to fluctuant, moves freely with the skin, not fixed to underlying tissue, non-painful, slow-growing, may have a visible central pore containing white or yellowish material. Contents: white, dry to paste-like laminated keratin (looks like cottage cheese or white toothpaste). Breeds predisposed: Miniature Schnauzer (comedo syndrome), Cocker Spaniel, Boxer, Basset Hound, Doberman Pinscher, Golden Retriever. Diagnosis: FNA cytology showing anucleate squamous cells (squames), keratin debris, no mast cell granules. Treatment: observation for stable, confirmed benign lesions; surgical excision for symptomatic, ruptured, or growing cysts. Recurrence if wall is incompletely excised.

Follicular Cysts (Dilated Pore of Winer / Infundibular Distension)

A variant of epidermoid cyst where the follicular opening remains patent (open to the surface) rather than fully obstructed; the follicular infundibulum dilates and fills with a keratin plug visible at the skin surface. Common in middle-aged dogs. The large pore opening with a keratin plug is pathognomonic. These may be expressed (releasing the keratin plug) but, as with all follicular cysts, the wall remains and refills; definitive treatment requires excision.

Steatocystoma (Sebaceous Duct Cysts)

True sebaceous duct cysts lined by sebaceous gland epithelium; content is oily or greasy sebum-like fluid rather than dry keratin. May present as a single cyst or as multiple small cysts (steatocystoma multiplex) scattered across the trunk and limbs. The oily content aspirated with FNA distinguishes these from epidermoid cysts. Treatment: excision of bothersome or growing cysts; multiple small lesions may be managed conservatively. Breed predisposition: Schnauzers, Shar Peis.

Synovial Cysts (Ganglion Cysts)

Fluid-filled cysts arising from joint capsules or tendon sheaths, communicating with or arising near a joint space. Located adjacent to joints, most commonly the stifle (knee), carpus (wrist), and hock. Contents are straw-colored to clear synovial fluid; FNA yields viscous, straw-colored fluid with low cellularity (non-inflammatory unless secondary infection present). Synovial cysts in dogs are often associated with underlying joint disease, ligament injury, or degenerative joint disease. Diagnosis: FNA + musculoskeletal ultrasound or radiography to assess the joint. Treatment: ultrasound-guided aspiration is palliative (frequently recurs); surgical excision or arthroscopic debridement addresses the underlying joint communication.

Dermoid Cysts / Dermoid Sinus

Congenital cysts containing mature skin structures (epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands); located along the dorsal midline. In Rhodesian Ridgebacks, a dermoid sinus may communicate with the spinal canal (meningeal involvement) causing neurological signs or ascending meningitis if untreated. All Ridgebacks should be examined for dorsal midline tracts at birth. MRI establishes depth of involvement. Surgical excision, ideally before neurological signs develop, is the required treatment.

Apocrine Sweat Gland Cysts (Hidrocystoma)

Benign cystic dilation of apocrine sweat gland ducts; appears as a translucent, blue-tinged, dome-shaped vesicle most commonly on the head, ears, and eyelids. The blue or purple tint from the thin overlying skin covering the fluid-filled lumen is characteristic. Contents are thin, clear to slightly blue fluid. Very common on the eyelid margins and in ear canals (ceruminous gland cysts). Treatment: simple lancing and expression is often curative for small cysts; CO2 laser ablation for multiple eyelid lesions; surgical excision for large or recurrent cysts.

Internal Cysts in Dogs

Renal Cysts

Single or multiple fluid-filled cysts within kidney tissue, identified by abdominal ultrasound as anechoic (black on ultrasound), thin-walled, round structures without internal septation or solid components. Classification:

  • Simple renal cyst: Single, unilateral, thin-walled, no internal structure; common incidental finding in older dogs; benign; annual monitoring with repeat ultrasound; does not progress to renal failure unless very large and compressing functional parenchyma
  • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD): Multiple bilateral cysts replacing normal renal parenchyma; hereditary in Bull Terriers (autosomal dominant), also documented in Cairn Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Beagles; progressive chronic kidney disease results as cysts expand; management: phosphorus restriction (renal diet), management of secondary hypertension (amlodipine 0.1-0.25 mg/kg PO SID), treatment of anemia of CKD (erythropoietin or darbepoetin if PCV below 20%), and supportive care; no cure, but early management prolongs quality life
  • Acquired renal cysts: Form secondary to nephron loss from chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or ischemia; associated with underlying renal disease requiring investigation
  • Perinephric pseudocysts: Not true cysts; fluid accumulations between the kidney capsule and renal parenchyma or in the perinephric space; large cysts may cause abdominal distension and hypertension; treatment is repeated drainage or surgical excision/omentalization

Hepatic Cysts

Single or multiple fluid-filled lesions within liver parenchyma. Single simple hepatic cysts are usually incidental, benign, and require no treatment other than periodic monitoring. Multiple hepatic cysts can be associated with polycystic disease in breeds with PKD. Biliary cystadenoma is a cystic neoplasm of biliary origin (benign) causing large hepatic masses in older cats but also reported in dogs. Any hepatic cyst with internal complexity, solid components, or rapid growth should be aspirated or biopsied under ultrasound guidance to rule out hepatocellular carcinoma with central cavitation or biliary neoplasia. Alkaline phosphatase may be elevated from cyst-associated biliary compression.

Splenic Cysts

Splenic masses are common in dogs, particularly German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers, and represent one of the most clinically important mass lesions encountered in small animal medicine. Splenic cysts specifically are less common than solid splenic masses. Types: epidermoid splenic cysts (benign, true cysts lined by squamous epithelium), hematomas (blood-filled; often traumatic; can look cystic on ultrasound), and cavitated masses (malignant tumors including hemangiosarcoma with central necrosis). The critical clinical issue is that splenic hemangiosarcoma, a highly malignant vascular tumor with a median survival of 1-3 months even with splenectomy, frequently presents as a cavitated cystic splenic mass that is clinically and ultrasonographically indistinguishable from a benign hematoma. The 2/3 rule: approximately 2/3 of nontraumatic splenic masses in dogs are malignant, and 2/3 of malignant splenic masses are hemangiosarcoma. Splenectomy with histopathology of the excised spleen is the definitive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for any significant splenic mass; biopsy alone carries the risk of catastrophic hemorrhage. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 IV q3wk, 5 doses) following splenectomy extends median survival for hemangiosarcoma to approximately 4-6 months.

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts occur in intact female dogs and arise from follicular, luteal, or paraovarian structures. Classification:

  • Follicular cysts: Develop from anovulatory ovarian follicles that fail to ovulate; filled with follicular fluid; produce excess estrogen causing signs of persistent or prolonged estrus (proestrus or estrus signs lasting beyond 21 days), nymphomania (persistent receptivity), mammary gland enlargement, symmetrical truncal alopecia, and potentially bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia from hyperestrogenism) in severe cases; diagnosis by ultrasonography (thin-walled, anechoic structures on the ovary); treatment: OHE (spay) is definitive; hCG 500-1000 IU IM or GnRH 50-100 mcg IM induces ovulation as a medical alternative in breeding dogs
  • Luteal cysts: Form from luteinized follicles; progesterone-secreting; associated with prolonged diestrus, pyometra risk, and pseudopregnancy signs; treatment: OHE or prostaglandin F2-alpha (0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC BID-TID for 5-7 days) to lyse the corpus luteum
  • Paraovarian cysts: Arise from remnants of the mesonephric (Wolffian) or paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct adjacent to the ovary; no hormonal activity; may become large; incidental finding at spay surgery

Prostatic Cysts

In intact male dogs, the prostate is the only accessory sex gland; prostatic cysts are classified as retention cysts (arising from blocked glandular ducts within the prostate parenchyma; common with benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH) and paraprostatic cysts (large, sterile fluid-filled structures lateral to or separate from the prostate parenchyma, connected by a stalk; can become very large). BPH-associated retention cysts: testosterone-driven; most intact males over 5 years have microscopic BPH; signs include tenesmus, ribbon-like stools, urethral discharge; treatment: castration causes marked involution within 4-6 weeks; finasteride 0.1-0.5 mg/kg PO SID is an alternative in breeding dogs. Paraprostatic cysts: can cause abdominal mass, constipation, urinary obstruction; require surgical marsupialization or omentalization plus castration. Prostatic cysts may become infected (prostatic abscess) requiring emergency drainage and long-term antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfonamide) for excellent prostatic tissue penetration.

Diagnostic Approach to Cysts in Dogs

Cyst Location First-Line Diagnostic Test Key Finding on Test
Skin / subcutaneous FNA cytology (22-25g needle) Anucleate squames (epidermoid), oily fluid (steatocystoma), mast cell granules (MCT), fat cells (lipoma)
Near joint FNA + musculoskeletal ultrasound Viscous straw-colored fluid (synovial cyst), joint space communication
Kidney, liver, spleen, ovary Abdominal ultrasound Simple anechoic cyst vs. complex mass with septa or solid components (warrants aspiration or biopsy)
Ovary (intact female) Abdominal ultrasound + vaginal cytology + progesterone/estrogen levels Follicular vs. luteal cyst differentiation; hormonal signs
Prostate Abdominal ultrasound + urethral wash/ejaculate cytology Retention vs. paraprostatic cyst; infection (degenerate neutrophils, bacteria)
Spleen Abdominal ultrasound + thoracic radiography Simple cyst vs. cavitated mass (hemangiosarcoma risk); metastases on chest radiograph

Treatment Overview

Cyst Type Primary Treatment Notes
Epidermoid / follicular skin cyst Observation (confirmed benign, stable); surgical excision if symptomatic Entire wall must be removed intact to prevent recurrence; histopathology recommended
Ruptured skin cyst Prednisolone 0.5-1 mg/kg, amoxicillin-clavulanate 12.5-15 mg/kg BID, excision after 4-6 weeks Delay surgery until acute inflammation resolves
Synovial cyst Ultrasound-guided aspiration; surgical excision for refractory cases Address underlying joint disease
Simple renal cyst Monitor annually with ultrasound No treatment for asymptomatic simple cysts
PKD (polycystic kidney disease) Renal diet, amlodipine, erythropoietin if anemic; no cure Breed screening available; hereditary
Ovarian follicular cyst OHE (spay) preferred; hCG 500-1000 IU IM or GnRH 50-100 mcg IM for breeding dogs Address hyperestrogenism complications (bone marrow suppression)
Prostatic retention cyst (BPH) Castration (most effective); finasteride 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SID for breeding dogs Prostate involutes 4-6 weeks post-castration
Paraprostatic cyst Surgical marsupialization or omentalization + castration May require drainage if infected (prostatic abscess)
Splenic mass (possible cyst vs. hemangiosarcoma) Splenectomy + histopathology Do not biopsy alone; hemorrhage risk; if HSA: doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 q3wk x5 post-op

Red Flags: When a Cyst in Dogs Needs Urgent Evaluation

  • Any skin cyst that grows rapidly over days to weeks (not months): rapid growth is not characteristic of benign cysts; mast cell tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma can present as skin lumps and require immediate FNA cytology; never wait more than a few days to schedule evaluation for a rapidly enlarging skin mass
  • Intact female dog with signs of prolonged estrus (bloody vulvar discharge persisting beyond 21 days), nymphomania, mammary enlargement, or unusual hair loss on the trunk: suggests ovarian follicular cyst with hyperestrogenism; bone marrow suppression (thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia from estrogen toxicity) is a life-threatening complication of severe hyperestrogenism that requires emergency complete blood count and urgent OHE
  • An abdominal mass discovered incidentally or by palpation in a middle-aged to older dog of a large breed (German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Labrador): splenic mass with the possibility of hemangiosarcoma; thoracic radiographs (to assess for metastasis) and abdominal ultrasound should be performed urgently; acute collapse from internal hemorrhage (hemoabdomen) is a medical emergency requiring immediate splenectomy
  • An intact male dog with tenesmus, ribbon-like stools, urethral discharge, and hind limb weakness: prostatic cyst or paraprostatic cyst; pelvic ultrasound and prostatic aspirate for cytology and culture are needed; infected prostatic cysts (prostatic abscess) can progress to septic shock if untreated
  • Dog with worsening thirst and urination, weight loss, vomiting, and an abdominal ultrasound showing bilateral renal cysts: polycystic kidney disease with advancing CKD; early nephrology management (renal diet, blood pressure control, phosphate binders) is important to preserve remaining renal function
  • Dorsal midline lump in a Rhodesian Ridgeback puppy: immediate evaluation for dermoid sinus with possible spinal communication; neurological signs (paresis, ataxia, neck pain, or spinal hypersensitivity) indicate the tract has reached the meninges; surgical excision is urgent

Age-Specific Considerations

Puppies (Under 1 Year)

  • New lumps in puppies are most commonly benign histiocytomas (in dogs under 3 years) – a solitary, button-shaped, rapidly growing but self-limiting mass on the head, pinnae, or limbs that regresses spontaneously in 1-3 months; FNA cytology shows sheets of histiocytes (Langerhans cell origin); no treatment needed unless ulcerated or not resolving after 3 months
  • Dermoid sinus must be excluded in Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies at first exam and before any surgical or breeding clearance; palpate the dorsal midline from occiput to tail for a subcutaneous cord-like structure; any dorsal midline mass requires MRI before excision to determine depth
  • Follicular retention cysts on the dorsal midline in Miniature Schnauzer puppies represent early expression of Schnauzer comedo syndrome; primary keratinization defect produces comedones along the back that can progress to follicular cysts and furunculosis; benzoyl peroxide shampoo reduces comedone formation

Adult Dogs (1-8 Years)

  • Intact female adults between 1-8 years: ovarian cysts are the primary concern for any dog with prolonged estrus, nymphomania, or unexplained symmetrical alopecia; abdominal ultrasound is the first step; spay is both diagnostic and curative; bone marrow suppression from hyperestrogenism is most common in middle-aged intact females with long-standing follicular cysts
  • Intact males 3-8 years: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) begins at approximately 2-3 years in intact males and is present microscopically in nearly all intact males by age 6; associated retention cysts and occasional paraprostatic cyst formation; regular rectal examination and ultrasound monitoring recommended; castration is highly effective
  • Adult dogs of predisposed breeds (German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Labrador): any abdominal mass discovered on palpation requires ultrasound; splenic hemangiosarcoma in predisposed breeds is a priority differential even in middle-aged dogs

Senior Dogs (8+ Years)

  • Multiple skin cysts and lipomas are common in older dogs; all new masses still require individual FNA evaluation regardless of age and prior history; the incidence of mast cell tumor, cutaneous lymphoma, and other malignancies increases with age; do not dismiss a new lump in a senior dog as “just another cyst”
  • Simple renal cysts are a common incidental finding on ultrasound in senior dogs; most require only annual monitoring; complex cysts with internal structure, rapid enlargement, or associated renal dysfunction require renal biopsy under ultrasound guidance to rule out cystic renal carcinoma or other renal neoplasia
  • Senior dogs with abdominal distension and documented splenic masses: even if the prior year’s ultrasound showed a small cyst, a growing splenic mass in a senior dog must be evaluated for hemangiosarcoma; thoracic radiographs and echocardiography (cardiac hemangiosarcoma is a common concurrent finding) should accompany abdominal ultrasound before surgery

Myths About Dog Cysts

Myth

All cysts in dogs are benign and just need to be watched.

Fact

While many cysts are benign, some are not, and some represent conditions requiring urgent intervention. Splenic masses in dogs have approximately a 2/3 rate of malignancy, with hemangiosarcoma being the leading diagnosis. Ovarian cysts can cause life-threatening bone marrow suppression from hyperestrogenism. Dermoid sinus cysts in Rhodesian Ridgebacks can cause ascending meningitis. Even skin cysts cannot be reliably distinguished from mast cell tumors by palpation. Every cyst in a dog deserves a proper diagnostic evaluation to determine its type before a management plan is decided.

Myth

Squeezing a cyst is a quick and harmless way to drain it.

Fact

Squeezing a skin cyst does not remove the cyst wall, which immediately begins refilling. More importantly, squeezing can rupture the cyst internally, releasing keratin material into the surrounding dermis and triggering an intense, painful foreign body inflammatory reaction. It can also introduce bacteria into a previously sterile cyst, converting it to an abscess. You should also never squeeze any undiagnosed skin lump: if the lump is a mast cell tumor rather than a cyst (which looks similar), squeezing it degranulates mast cells and can cause a serious histamine reaction. Only a veterinarian should handle any skin mass after confirming its identity by FNA cytology.

Myth

A cyst found on ultrasound is always simple and benign and just needs to be rechecked next year.

Fact

Simple, thin-walled, anechoic cysts in the kidney or liver of a middle-aged to older dog are indeed usually benign. However, complex cystic structures with internal septation, nodular components, or thick irregular walls require aspiration or biopsy under ultrasound guidance to exclude cystic neoplasia (such as biliary cystadenoma vs. biliary carcinoma in the liver, or cavitated hemangiosarcoma vs. hematoma in the spleen). The “just watch it” recommendation is appropriate only for confirmed simple cysts, confirmed by their ultrasound characteristics and clinical context, not applied to all cystic structures.

Frequently Asked Questions About Dog Cysts

What does a cyst look like on a dog?

A skin cyst on a dog typically appears as a round, smooth, firm to soft lump under the skin. It is freely moveable, not fixed to underlying tissue, and usually non-painful. It grows slowly over months. A small central pore or opening may be visible on the skin surface over the cyst. When a cyst ruptures, the area becomes suddenly swollen, red, and painful, with possible discharge of white cheesy material. Internal cysts (kidney, liver, spleen) have no external appearance and are discovered incidentally on abdominal ultrasound.

Should I be worried about a cyst on my dog?

Any new skin lump should be evaluated by a veterinarian and have FNA cytology performed, because mast cell tumors (the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs) look and feel identical to benign cysts. A confirmed benign cyst that is stable, not causing discomfort, and not in a problematic location can be monitored without immediate removal. However, rapidly growing lumps, lumps that change in character, and lumps in certain locations (digits, nail bed, near the anus) warrant more urgent attention.

Can dog cysts go away on their own?

Skin cysts (epidermoid, follicular) rarely resolve on their own; they slowly enlarge over time. Histiocytomas in young dogs (under 3 years) do self-resolve in 1-3 months and do not require treatment. Some ovarian follicular cysts may luteinize on their own in some cycles. Splenic cysts, renal cysts, and hepatic cysts do not resolve spontaneously. The appropriate management depends on the specific cyst type.

How is a cyst removed from a dog?

Skin cysts are removed by surgical excision under local or general anesthesia: an elliptical skin incision is made over the cyst, the cyst is dissected free from surrounding tissue keeping the wall intact, and the defect is closed in layers. The key to preventing recurrence is removing the entire cyst wall without rupture. Internal cysts (ovarian, prostatic, renal, splenic) are addressed by the appropriate surgical or minimally invasive procedure depending on the location; for example, ovarian cysts are removed with OHE (spay), and splenic masses are removed with splenectomy.

What is the difference between a cyst and a lipoma in dogs?

A lipoma is a benign fatty tumor (not a cyst) located in the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin rather than within the skin. Lipomas feel soft, lobulated, and move freely beneath the skin; they are typically larger than skin cysts. A cyst is within the dermis and moves with the skin when you move it. FNA cytology distinguishes them definitively: a lipoma aspirate shows mature fat cells and nothing else; a cyst aspirate shows keratin squames (epidermoid) or oily fluid (steatocystoma).

Are dog cysts contagious to other pets or people?

No. Benign cysts in dogs are not contagious. They arise from the dog’s own tissue and are not caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted to other pets or people. The only exception is if a cyst becomes secondarily infected with bacteria; however, the bacterial infection in that context is a secondary complication, not the primary cause, and common skin bacteria (Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) are specific to dogs and not typically transmitted to humans under normal circumstances.

How much does it cost to remove a cyst from a dog?

Costs vary by cyst size, location, and whether general anesthesia is needed. A small skin cyst removed under local anesthesia: approximately $200-$400. A larger cyst requiring general anesthesia: approximately $400-$900. Histopathology of the excised specimen adds $100-$200. Internal cyst removal (ovarian cyst via OHE, splenic cyst via splenectomy) involves full surgical costs of $800-$2,500 or more depending on the procedure. A pre-surgical FNA cytology consultation is approximately $75-$175.

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